EDGE EFFECT FROM CONTINUOUS FOREST AND FRAGMENT FOREST ON THE LARVAL PERFORMANCE OF AN AQUATIC ANURAN TADPOLE AND PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18764/Palavras-chave:
Performance larval, tadpole, experimental manipulation, amphibianResumo
Efeito de borda de floresta contínua e fragmento de floresta sobre a performance larval de um girino anuro e interação predador-presa na Amazônia Central
Nós examinamos como a interação predador-presa de uma larva de anuro é influenciada pela proximidade da borda de floresta contínua e de fragmentos de floresta tropical primária de terra-firme. Os resultados mostraram que a proximidade da borda de floresta contínua e de fragmentos florestais não afetou a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento de Osteocephalus taurinus com e sem predadores, indicando que nem as mudanças no hábitat nem os predadores causaram o padrão observado na performance larval. Em uma análise gráfica, ambos parâmetros apresentaram números suavemente mais altos em floresta contínua.
Palavras chave: Performance larval, girino, manipulação experimental, anfíbio
ABSTRACT
We examine how the predator-prey interaction of aquatic anuran larva is influenced by proximity of edge from continuous forest and fragments of primary tropical terra-firme forest. Results showed that the proximity of edge of these habitats did not affect survival and larval development of Osteocephalus taurinus with and without predators, indicating that neither the habitat changes nor the predators caused the observed pattern in larval fitness. In a graphic analysis both parameters showed lightly higher numbers in continuous forest.
Downloads
Referências
AIZEN, M. A. & FEINSINGER, P. 1994. Forest fragmentation, pollination, and plant reproduction in a chaco dry forest, Argentina. Ecology 75: 330-351.
ALFORD, R. A. & WILBUR, H. M. 1985. Priority effects in experimental pond communities: competition between Bufo and Rana. Ecology 66: 1097-1105.
AZEVEDO-RAMOS, C., MAGNUSSON, W. E. & BAYLISS, P. 1999. Predation as the key factor structuring tadpole assemblages in a savanna area in central Amazonia. Copeia 1999: 22-33.
BIERREGAARD, R. O. & STOUFFER, P. C. 1997. Understory birds and dynamic and habitat mosaics in Amazonian rainforests. In: W. F. Laurance & R. O. Bierregaard, Jr. (eds.) Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Fragmented Commu-nities, pp. 138-157. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, London.
BRIDGES, C. M. 2002. Tadpoles balance foraging and predator avoidance: effects of predation, pond drying, and hunger. J. Herp.36(4): 627-634.
GASCON, C. 1989. Predator-prey size interaction in tropical ponds. Revta. Bras. Zool. 6: 701-706.
_______ 1991. Population- and community-level analyses of species occurrences of central Amazonian rainforest tadpoles. Ecology 72: 1731-1746.
_______ 1992a. Aquatic predators and tadpole prey in Central Amazonia: field data and experimental mani-pulations. Ecology 73: 971-980.
_______ 1992b. The effects of reprodutive phenology on larval performance traits in a three-species assemblage of Central Amazonian tadpoles. Oikos 65 :307-312.
_______ 1995b. Tropical larval anuran fitness in the absence of direct effects of predation and competition. Ecology 76: 2222-2229.
GOSNER, K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16: 183-190.
HERO, J-M. 1990. Predation, palatability and the distribution of tadpoles in the Amazon rainforest. PhD thesis. Division of Australian Environmental Studies. Griffith University, Nathan. 4111. Brisbane, Australia.
HEYER, W. R., MCDARMID, R. W.& WEIGMANN, D. L. 1975. Tadpoles, predation and pond habitats in the tropics. Biotropica 7:100-111.
KLEIN, B. 1989. Effects forest fragmentation on dung and carrion beetle communities in central Amazonia. Ecology 70: 1715-1725.
LOVEJOY, T. E., BIERREGAARD JR, R. O. 1990. Central Amazonian Forests and the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project. In: A. Gentry (ed.). Four Neotropical Rainforests, pp. 60-74. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
LOVEJOY, T. E., BIERREGAARD JR., R. O., RY-LANDS, A. B., MALCOLM, J. R., QUINTELA C. E.,HARPER, L. H., BROWN JR., K. S., POWELL A. H., POWELL, G. V. N., SCHUBART, H. O. R. & HAYS, M. B. 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In: M. E. Soule (ed.) Conservation Biology the Science of Scarcity and Diversity, pp. 257-285 Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
MAGNUSSON, W. E. & HERO, J. M. 1991. Predation and the evolution of complex oviposition behaviour in Amazon rainforest frogs. Oecologia 86: 310-318.
MORIN, P. J. 1983. Predation, competition, and the composition of larval anuran guilds. Ecol. Monogr. 53: 119-138.
_______ 1985. Predation intensity, prey survival and injury frequency in an amphibian predator-prey interactions. Copeia: 638-644.
_______ 1986. Interactions between intraspecific competiton and predation in an amphibian predator-prey system. Ecology 67: 713-720.
MORIN, P. J., WILBUR, H. M., HARRIS, R. N. 1983. Salamander predation and the structure of experimental communities: responses of Notophthalmus and Micro-crustacea. Ecology 64: 1430-1436.
OLIVEIRA, S. N. 1996. Efeitos diretos e indiretos da predação sobre os girinos de três espécies de anuros (Amphibia) na Amazônia Central. Unpubl. Master Diss., INPA/University of Amazon, Manaus, Amazonas. 68p.
PETRANKA, J. W., HOPEY, M. E., JENNINGAS, B. T., BAIRD, S. D. & BOONE, S. J. 1994. Breeding habitat segregation of wood frogs and American toads: the role of interspecific tadpole predation and adult choice. Copeia: 691-697.
RYLANDS, A . B. & KEUROGHLIAN. A. 1988. Primate populations in continuous forest and forest fragments in Central Amazonia. Acta Amazonica, 18:291-307.
SCARIOT, A. O. 1996. The Effect of Rainforest fragmentation on the Palm communities in Central Amazônia. PhD thesis. University of California, Santa Barbara. 212p.
SIEGEL, S. 1975. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. McGraw-Hill do Brasil, São Paulo.
TOCHER, M. D., GASCON, C. & ZIMMMERMAN, B. L. 1997. Fragmentation effects on a Central Amazonian frog community: a ten year-study. In: W. F. Laurance & R. O. Bierregaard, Jr. (eds.) Tropical Forest Remnants: ecology, management, and conservation of fragmented communities, pp. 124-137. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago, London.
WILBUR, H. M & ALFORD, R. A. 1985. Priority effects in experimental pond communities: responses of Hyla to Bufo and Rana. Ecology 66 (4):1106-1114.
WILKINSON, L. 1990. SYSTAT: the system for statistics. SYSTAT, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
